Intermedin in Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates Sympathoexcitation and Decreases TLR4-Mediated Sympathetic Activation via Adrenomedullin Receptors in Rats with Obesity-Related Hypertension / 神经科学通报·英文版

Intermedin/adrenomedullin-2 (IMD/AM2), a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide/AM family, plays an important role in protecting the cardiovascular system. However, its role in the enhanced sympathoexcitation in obesity-related hypertension is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of IMD in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus on sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sympathetic activation in obesity-related hypertensive (OH) rats induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Acute experiments were performed under anesthesia. The dynamic alterations of sympathetic outflow were evaluated as changes in renal SNA and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in response to specific drugs. Male rats were fed a control diet (12% kcal as fat) or a high-fat diet (42% kcal as fat) for 12 weeks to induce OH. The results showed that IMD protein in the PVN was downregulated, but Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and plasma norepinephrine (NE, indicating sympathetic hyperactivity) levels, and systolic blood pressure were increased in OH rats. LPS (0.5 µg/50 nL)-induced enhancement of renal SNA and MAP was greater in OH rats than in obese or control rats. Bilateral PVN microinjection of IMD (50 pmol) caused greater decreases in renal SNA and MAP in OH rats than in control rats, and inhibited LPS-induced sympathetic activation, and these were effectively prevented in OH rats by pretreatment with the AM receptor antagonist AM22-52. The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 in the PVN partially reversed the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA. However, IMD in the PVN decreased the LPS-induced ERK activation, which was also effectively prevented by AM22-52. Chronic IMD administration resulted in significant reductions in the plasma NE level and blood pressure in OH rats. Moreover, IMD lowered the TLR4 protein expression and ERK activation in the PVN, and decreased the LPS-induced sympathetic overactivity. These results indicate that IMD in the PVN attenuates SNA and hypertension, and decreases the ERK activation implicated in the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA in OH rats, and this is mediated by AM receptors.

Effects of intrathecal administration of AMon mechanical allodynia and CCL2 expression in DRG in bone cancer rats / 生理学报

The pain peptide adrenomedullin (AM) plays a pivotal role in pathological pain. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of blockade of AM receptor on bone cancer pain (BCP) and its mechanism. BCP was developed by inoculation of Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells in the tibia medullary cavity of Sprague Dawley rats. The selective AM receptor antagonist AMwas administered intrathecally on 15 d after the inoculation. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA level of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Double immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze the localizations of CCL2 and AM in DRG of normal rats. The results showed that, from 6 to15 d after the inoculation, the animals showed significant reduction in the mechanical pain threshold in the ipsilateral hindpaw, companied by the decline in bone density of tibia bone. The expression of CCL2 mRNA in DRG of BCP rats was increased by 3 folds (P < 0.001 vs saline group). Intrathecal administration of AMabolished bone cancer-induced mechanical allodynia and increase of CCL2 mRNA level (P < 0.001). In normal rats, CCL2 was co-localized with AM in DRG neurons. These results suggest that AM may play a role in the pathogenesis of BCP. The increased AM bioactivity up-regulates CCL2 expression in DRG, which may contribute to the induction of pain hypersensitivity in bone cancer.

Involvement of adrenomedullin in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain and morphine tolerance / 生理学报

The increase of pronociceptive mediators in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain and opioid tolerance. Adrenomedullin (AM) belongs to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family and has been recently demonstrated to be a pain-related peptide. It has also been shown that the expression and release of AM are increased in the DRG and spinal dorsal horn during inflammation and repeated use of morphine. Intrathecal administration of the selective AM receptor antagonist AM22-52 abolishes inflammatory pain and morphine tolerance, suggesting that enhanced AM receptor signaling in the DRG and spinal dorsal horn contributes to the induction of inflammatory pain and morphine tolerance. The present review highlights the recent developments regarding the involvement of AM in these two disorders. The neurological mechanisms of AM's actions are also discussed.

Papel de la adrenomedulina cerebelosa en la regulación de la presión arterial / Role of cerebelar adrenomedullin in blood pressure regulation

La adrenomedulina (AM) es un péptido ubicuo de 52 residuos de aminoácidos que cumple funciones importantes en la regulación de la función cardiovascular (CDV). La AM ejerce sus acciones a través de su unión con tres subtipos de receptores, el receptor del péptido relacionado al gen de la calcitonina tipo 1 (CGRP1), el receptor de AM tipo 1 (AM1) y tipo 2 (AM2). El CGRP1 está formado por el receptor similar al receptor de calcitonina (CRLR) y la proteína que modifica la actividad del receptor tipo 1 (RAMP1). El AM1 por el CRLR+RAMP2 y el AM2 por el CRLR+RAMP3. A nivel del sistema nervioso central, la AM y sus receptores se localizan en diversas regiones, incluyendo el cerebelo. Se ha demostrado marcados incrementos en la densidad de los sitios de unión para la AM en el cerebelo durante la hipertensión, lo que sugiere un papel del sistema adrenomedulinérgico cerebeloso en la regulación de la presión arterial (PA). En el presente estudio se evaluó la participación de la AM cerebelosa en la regulación de la PA. Nuestros hallazgos muestran la existencia de desregulación de los componentes del sistema AM cerebeloso durante la hipertensión, ya que se encontró una reducida expresión de CRLR, RAMP1 y RAMP3 y una incrementada expresión de la AM y RAMP2 en el vermis de cerebelo de ratas hipertensas (SHR), cuando se comparó con las ratas controles, Wistar Kyoto (WKY), de 8 y 16 semanas de edad. La reducción de la PA mediante el tratamiento crónico con valsartán (60mg/Kg/día,p.o.) revirtió las desregulación de la AM y los componentes de su receptor, observados en las ratas SHR. El papel de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROS) en la acción de la AM cerebelosa quedó evidenciado, ya que la AM fue capaz de reducir la actividad de las tres enzimas antioxidantes, superóxiodo dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión peroxidasa (GPx), en las ratas WKY y Sprague - Dawley (SD). Aún mas, nuestros hallazgos mostraron claramente el efecto antagónico entre la AM y la ANG II sobre la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes inducida por la ANG II. El efecto de la AM sobre las enzimas antioxidantes no se manifestó en la ratas hipertensas, sin embargo el mismo fue restaurado mediante la disminución de la presión arterial con la administración crónica de dos antihipertensivos de mecanismo de acción distintos como la amlodipina (5mg/Kg/día,p.o) o el valsartán (60mg/Kg/día,p.o), lo que sugiere una relación entre la hipertensión y ausencia del efecto de AM en la ratas SHR. Al evaluar la posible vía de señalización que media la acción de la AM y el antagonismo con la ANG II sobre la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes, demostramos que no existe una vía final común para dicho antagonismo, siendo la proteína quinasa A (PKA) y los 3 subtipos de receptores CGRP1, AM1 y AM2 los que median la acción de la AM, mientras que la acción de la ANG II se encuentra mediada a través de una vía que involucra la PKC/NAD(P)H oxidasa. Los hallazgos demuestran el antagonismo entre la AM y la ANG II en la regulación del estrés oxidativo en el cerebelo y ratifican la desregulación de la señalización de la AM mediada por EROs durante la hipertensión. Al evaluar las vías de señalización intracelular que median la acción de la AM en el cerebelo, demostramos que la AM es capaz de activar a las ERK, la producción de GMPc y NO a través de la estimulación del receptor AM1, y del AMPc a través de los tres subtipos de receptores de AM, lo que apoya que en el cerebelo la AM ejerce acciones a través de diversas vías de señalización como lo son NO/GMPc, AC/AMPc/PKA y/o ERK. El posible papel funcional de la AM in vivo fue inequívoco, ya que se demostró que la microinyección de AM en el vermis cerebeloso produjo una respuesta hipotensora profunda en las ratas SHR pero no en las normotensas. El hecho que la microinyección de AM en el vermis cerebelar en las ratas SD, WKY y SHR disminuyó significativamente la respuesta presora frente al estrés simpatoadrenal inducido por el estímulo eléctrico plantar, sugiere que la acción hipotensora está mediada a través de la regulación del eflujo simpático e indica un posible papel de la AM en la regulación de la respuesta CDV frente al estrés. En conjunto, nuestros resultados demuestran la existencia de un sistema adrenomedulinérgico funcional en el cerebelo, e indican por primera vez, que la AM cumple un papel importante en la regulación de la PA durante la hipertensión y el estrés.

Expression of adrenomedullin and its receptor mRNA in the tissues of normal adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of human adrenomedullin (ADM) and its receptor-receptor activity modifying protein 2/calcitonin receptor-like receptor (RAMP2/CRLR) mRNA in the tissues of normal adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Total RNA was extracted from normal adrenal medulla and pheochromocytomas. The expression of ADM and RAMP2/CRLR mRNA were studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The ratios of ADM/GAPDH, RAMP2/ GAPDH, CRLR/GAPDH were used to evaluate the expression levels of ADM, RAMP2 and CRLR mRNA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Expressions of ADM and its receptor- RAMP2/CRLR mRNA were detected in normal adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma tissues. ADM/GAPDH were 0.48+/-0.09 and 0.75+/-0.24, RAMP2/ GAPDH 0.79+/-0.12 and 1.29+/-0.30, CRLR/GAPDH 0.40+/-0.08 and 0.87+/-0.22 in normal adrenal medulla and pheochromocytomas, respectively (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ADM exerts a possible autocrine or paracrine effect in the adrenal. ADM may be involved in the pathogenesis of pheochromocytoma.</p>

Changes of adrenomedullin and its receptor components mRNAs expression in the brain stem and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis of stress-induced hypertensive rats / 生理学报

In this study, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the changes in mRNAs levels of preproadrenomedullin (ppADM) gene encoding adrenomedullin (ADM) and the essential receptor components of ADM, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), and the receptor activity modifying protein 2 and 3 (RAMP2 and RAMP3) in the medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, midbrain, pituitary gland and adrenal gland of the stress-induced hypertensive rats. It was shown that chronic foot-shock and noise stress for 15 consecutive days induced a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and unique changes in ppADM and its receptor components mRNAs in all areas studied. As compared with the control group, the level of ppADM mRNA, normalized against a glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) control, was up-regulated in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but down-regulated in the medulla oblongata and midbrain (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). The relative amount of CRLR mRNA was higher in the hypothalamus than that in other areas. The level of CRLR mRNA expression was significantly increased in the medulla oblongata of the stress group (P<0.01), but decreased in the midbrain (P<0.01) as well as hypothalamus(P<0.05), as compared with that of the control group. Chronic stress for 15 consecutive days produced an increase in the level of RAMP2 mRNA expression in the medulla oblongata (P<0.01) and a decrease in the adrenal gland (P<0.01), as compared with the control. No significant stress-related changes in RAMP2 mRNA were observed in the midbrain, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The amount of RAMP3 mRNA was relatively higher in the midbrain and hypothalamus than that in the medulla oblongata, adrenal gland and adrenal gland. Stress-induced hypertensive rats exhibited an increased RAMP3 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) and a decrease in the adrenal gland and midbrain (P<0.05). No significant stress-related change in RAMP3 mRAN was observed in the medulla oblongata. Taken together, our results indicate that the significant changes in ppADM and its receptor components mRNAs expression in the HPA axis and autonomic centers may be related to the development of the stress-induced hypertension. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological significance of brain-derived ADM and its receptors in stress and blood pressure regulation and their roles in stress-induced hypertension still await further investigation.

Increased atria expression of receptor activity-modifying proteins in heart failure patients / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) determine the ligand specificity of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR); co-expression of RAMP1 and CRLR results in a calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) receptor, whereas the association of RAMP2 or RAMP3 with CRLR gives an adrenomedullin(ADM) receptor. As CGRP and ADM may play a beneficial role in heart failure, this study aimed at the question whether RAMPs mRNAs are changed in heart failure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect and quantify the mRNAs of RAMP1 and RAMP3 in the atria of heart failing patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was found that the expressions of RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3 mRNAs increased with the worsening of heart function, but the expressions of RAMP1 and RAMP2 mRNA decreased at level IV of heart failure.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The above results demonstrated in the atria of heart failure patients an up-regulation of CGRP receptor by an increase of RAMP1 in association with CRLR and an up-regulation of ADM receptor by an increase of RAMP2 expression in association with CRLR, thus suggesting that CGRP and ADM receptors be playing a functional role in compensating the chronic heart failure in human.</p>

Expression and role of adrenomedullin and its receptor in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression and role of adrenomedullin (ADM) and adrenomedullin receptor (ADMR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Small pulmonary artery remodeling was observed using morphometric analysis. The expression of ADM and ADMR mRNA in lung tissue was calculated by in situ hybridization in 9 COPD cases. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 22 COPD cases to monitor changes of hemodynamic parameters and patients were divided into two groups based on mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP). The cases without pulmonary hypertension (PH) were placed in Group A (n = 12) and those with PH were placed in Group B (n = 10). The levels of pulmonary arterial plasma ADM were measured by radioimmunoassay. Blood gas analysis was also conducted.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The ratio of vascular wall thickness to external diameter (MT%) and the ratio of vascular wall area to total area (MA%) were higher in patients with COPD (P < 0.01). In situ hybridization showed that ADM mRNA and ADMR mRNA were expressed in the pulmonary artery walls of control subjects. The expression levels were significantly higher in those of COPD sufferers (P < 0.01). Statistically positive relationships were visible between ADM and ADMR, and the plasma ADM level of Group B was significantly higher than that of Group A (P < 0.05). The plasma ADM level had a significantly positive correlation to mPAP and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), while being negatively correlated to levels of PaO(2).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ADM may play an extremely protective role as a local autocrine/paracrine factor in COPD.</p>

Expression of adrenomedullin and its receptor in lungs of rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of adrenomedullin (AM) in the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH), and to assess the expression of AM and adrenomedullin receptor (AMR) in the lungs of rats with HPH.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We exposed 10 rats to normobaric hypoxic conditions for 3 weeks to establish rat model of pulmonary hypertension; and 10 other rats were used as normoxic controls. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was measured by a right cardiac catheterization. The thickness of pulmonary arterioles was measured by a computerized image analyzer. We used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess the change of expression of AM and AMR in lung of HPH rat model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, hypoxic rats developed remarkable pulmonary hypertension, increment in the thickness of pulmonary arterioles and right ventricular hypertrophy (P < 0.01). Chronic hypoxia elicited a considerable increment in expression of AM and AMR in the lungs of rats, and the ratio of AM/beta-actin and AMR/beta-actin in lungs of rats treated with hypoxia were significantly higher (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The AM plays an important role in regulating pulmonary vascular tone and can ameliorate the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats.</p>